ATMs are good examples of this data processing method. This is a method that utilizes Internet connections and equipment directly attached to a computer. This allows for the data stored in one place and being used at altogether different place. Cloud computing can be considered as a example which uses this type of processing. This technique has the ability to respond almost immediately to various signals in order to acquire and process information.
These involve high maintainance andupfront cost attributed to very advanced technology and computing power. Time saved is maximum in this case as the output is seen in real time. For example in banking transactions Example of real time processing. This method is commonly utilized by remote workstations connected to one big central workstation or server.
All the end machines run on a fixed software located at a particular place and makes use of exactly same information and sets of instruction.
Most companies are now shifting from the use of geographically distributed personal computers. Examples of industries and business organizations that extensively use distributed processing systems. Benefits and three risks that might be associated with the distributed data Processing system. A logical file is viewed in terms of what data items it contains and what processing operations may be performed on the data.
A physical file is viewed in terms of how the data items found in a file are arranged on the storage media and how they can be processed. Arrange the following components of the information system data hierarchy in ascending order of complexity:. They are used to prepare reports, which can ve printed at a later date, e.
It contains records that are fairly permanent or semi-permanent, e. Deductions in caution money, wage rates, tax deductions, employees address, price lists etc. Methods of file organization i Sequential and serial. In sequential file organization , records are stored in a sorted order using a.
In random file organization , records are stored in the file randomly and accessed directly, while in indexed —sequential , the records are stored sequentially but accessed directly using an index. Records are in a file are stored and accessed one after another on a storage medium iv Indexed sequencial file organization method.
Similar to sequential method, only that an index is used to enable the computer to locate individual records on the storage media. Introduction Whether the internet is used to research a topic, make transactions online, food ordering, data is continuously generating each second.
How is data processed? Data processing requires six steps, and those are: Data Collection: The primary stage of data processing is to collect data. Data is acquired from sources like data lakes and data warehouses. The collected data must be trustworthy and of high quality. Elimination of useless data and to generate quality data for quality business intelligence is the motive of this stage.
Processing: The processing of input data is done for interpretation. The processing is accomplished by machine learning algorithms. Their process is variable depending on the data which is processed connected devices, social networks, data lakes, etc. Data Interpretation: The non-data scientists find this data very helpful.
The data is converted into videos, graphs, images and plain text. Members of a company can start analysing this data and applying it into their projects.
Data Storage: Storage utilisation in future is the final step of processing. Effective Properly storage of data is necessary for compliance with GDPR data protection legislation. Properly stored data to be accessed easily and quickly by employees of an institution as and when needed is of utmost importance.
Charts and graphs — The most common features in almost all software is the graphs and charts format. This format enables easy analysis of data by just a glance. Specialised software can process software specific file formats. The entire procedure of data collecting, filtering, sorting, calculation and alternative logical operations is all carried out with human intervention without using any electronic device or automation software. Mechanical Data Processing: data is processed using machines and simple devices such as typewriters, calculators, printing press, etc.
Simple data processing operations can be accomplished by this method. The conversion takes place in the input device. Media conversion : data may need to be transmitted from one medium to another e. Input validation : data entered into the computer is subjected to validity checks by a computer program before being processed to reduce errors as the input.
Sorting: in case the data needs to be arranged in a predefined order, it is first sorted before processing. Processing This is the transformation of the input data by the CPU to a more meaningful output information. Some of the operations performed on the data include calculations, comparing values and sorting. Output The final activity in the data processing cycle is producing the desired output also referred to as information. This information can be distributed to the target group or stored for future use.
Distribution is making information available to those who need it and is sometimes called information dissemination. This process of dissemination may involve electronic presentation over the radio or television, distribution of hard copies, broadcasting messages over the internet or mobile phones etc. Computational errors Occurs when an arithmetic operation does not produce the expected results.
The most common computation errors include overflow , truncation and rounding Overflow errors Occurs if the result from a calculation is too large to be stored in the allocated memory space. For example if a byte is represented using 8 bits, an overflow will occur if the result of a calculation gives a 9-bit number. Truncation errors Result from having real numbers that have a long fractional part which cannot fit in the allocated memory space.
The computer would truncate or cut off the extra characters from the fractional part. For example, a number like 0. Some of the errors that influence the accuracy of data input and information output include Transcription, Computation and Algorithm or logical errors. Transcription errors Occurs during data entry. Such errors include misreading and transposition errors Misreading errors Are brought about by the incorrect reading of the source by the user and hence entering wrong values.
For example a user may misread a handwritten figure such as and type S89 instead i. Transposition errors Results form incorrect arrangement of characters i.
For example the user might enter instead of These errors may be avoided by using modern capture devices such as bar code readers, digital cameras etc which enter data with the minimum user intervention. Rounding errors Results from raising or lowering a digit in a real number to the required rounded number. In this case the successor is 6 therefore Algorithms are used as design tools when writing programs.
Wrongly designed programs would result in a program that runs but gives erroneous output. Such errors that result from wrong algorithm design are referred to as algorithm or logical errors. Data integrity refers to the accuracy and completeness of data entered in a computer or received from the information system.
Integrity is measured in terms of accuracy , timeliness and relevance of data. Accuracy It refers to how close an approximation is to an actual value. As long as the correct instructions and data are entered, computers produce accurate results efficiently. In numbers, the accuracy of a real number depends on the number. For example, Timeliness This is the relative accuracy of data in respect to the current state of affairs for which it is needed. This is important because data and information have a time value attached to them.
If received late, the information may have become useless to the user. For example, information in the newspaper that is meant to invite people for a meeting or occasion must be printed prior to the event and not later. Relevance Data entered into the computer must be relevant so as to get the expected output.
In this case, relevance means that the data entered must be pertinent to the processing needs at hand and must meet the requirements of the processing cycle. The user also needs relevant information for daily operations or decision making. Threat to data integrity Threats to data integrity can be minimized through the following ways: Backup data preferably on external storage media.
Control access to data by enforcing security measures. Design user interfaces that minimize chances of invalid data entry. Using error detection and correction software when transmitting data Using devices that directly capture data from the source such as bar code readers, digital cameras, and optical scanners.
As mentioned earlier, data can be processed manually , mechanically and electronically. Manual data processing In manual data processing, most tasks are done manually with a pen and a paper.
The processing of each task involves a person using the brain in order to respond to queries. The processed information from the out tray is then distributed to the people who need it or stored in a file cabinet.
Mechanical data processing Manual is cumbersome and boring especially repetitive tasks. Mechanical devices were developed to help in automation of manual tasks. Examples of mechanical devices include the typewriter, printing press, and weaving looms. Initially, these devices did not have electronic intelligence. Electronic data processing For a long time, scientists have researched on how to develop machine or devices that would stimulate some form of human intelligence during data and information processing.
This was made possible to some extent with the development of electronic programmable devices such as computers. The advent of microprocessor technology has greatly enhanced data processing efficiency and capability. Some of the micro processor controlled devices include computers, cellular mobile phones, calculators, fuel pumps, modern television sets, washing machines etc.
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